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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease in poultry, especially ducks. It is caused by the accumulation of fatty substances such as cholesterol, cellular waste products, and calcium (referred to as plaque) inside arteries. Eventually the accumulation of fat deposits will lead to restriction in blood flow and prevent oxygen from reaching cells.
Nutrition plays a significant role in its onset and is most frequently seen in ducks who receive a diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and high in saturated fatty acids, high-cholesterol diets, and high-fat diets enriched in linoleic acid.
Signs of Atherosclerosis in Ducks
Ducks won't usually develop any clinical signs of the disease until the advanced stages, when the artery is severely narrowed or completely blocked. Many times, the first indication of the disease is sudden death related to an unknown cause.
When clinical signs do occur, they are usually associated with cardiac failure, caused by reduced blood flow through the arteries. Which may include lethargy, exercise intolerance, difficulty breathing, ataxia, and behavioral changes.
Isolate the bird from the flock and place in a safe, comfortable, warm location (your own duck "intensive care unit") with easy access to water and food. Limit stress. Call your veterinarian.
Omega-3 fatty acids
Added to the diet at 0.22 ml/kg. Concurrently add 160 mg/kg of Vitamin E (since the bird's requirements for dietary vitamin E will increase as well.
Case 1: Arteriosclerosis in a Parrot A 40-year-old female African grey parrot exhibited weakness due to anorexia for several days. Physical examination revealed that the bird was weak, cachectic and had abdominal effusion. There was 15 ml of clear fluid in the thoracic cavity and 25 ml of clear fluid in the abdominal cavity. The aorta and left and right pulmonary arteries were firm, gritty, and had a nodular appearance. The right thyroid was enlarged, 6 mm in diameter. The left thyroid was 3 mm in diameter. Hypoalbuminemia (total protein 1.2 gm/dl, albumin 0.5 gm/dl, and globulin 0.7 gm/dl) was observed in blood chemistry profile. The lesions of the aorta and pulmonary arteries consisted of fragmentation of elastic and collagen fibers with cholesterol deposition and proliferation of spindle cells in the media. There was chondroid metaplasia, mineralization and proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the subintimal tissue and intima, which caused narrowing of the lumen. Ref
Case 2: Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Atherosclerosis in a Indian Ringneck parakeet Dilated Cardiomyopathy was the cause of death in a 10-year-old female Indian Ringneck parakeet who died suddenly. The bird had severe ascites, and liver and lung fibrosis; the three lesions were considered to be secondary to heart failure. In addition, the bird also had atherosclerosis of major vessels and urate deposits in the kidneys, both of which were considered incidental findings. Ref
Case 3: Presumed atherosclerosis in a Eagle A 19-year-old male golden eagle presented for an abnormal heart rhythm on auscultation. An electrocardiogram was performed on the patient and demonstrated frequent supraventricular premature complexes. While an echocardiogram on the same patient revealed marked systolic dysfunction of the severely enlarged left ventricle as well as severely enlarged left atrium. No clinical evidence of left-sided congestive heart failure was noted. Treatment with isoxsuprine and atenolol was initiated. After 2 weeks, no significant changes were appreciable on repeat examination. The medical therapy was modified to isoxsuprine, sotalol, and pimobendan. Following 4 weeks of the new treatment plan, chamber sizes of the left ventricle and atrium were reduced, and the cardiac rhythm had converted to a normal rhythm. A computed tomography angiography (CTA) was conducted and identified substantial narrowing of the internal diameter of the right brachiocephalic artery. Fifteen months after initial diagnosis, the patient continued to maintain a normal sinus rhythm, normal cardiac size, and appropriate systolic function of the left ventricle despite no changes observed in the right brachiocephalic arterial diameter on repeat CTA. This case report demonstrates the therapeutic potential of sotalol at 1 mg/kg PO BID for the treatment of supraventricular premature complexes and a diagnostic utility of CTA for the case of suspected atherosclerosis. Ref
Case 4: Atherosclerosis in a Budgie A 16-year-old male grey-cheeked parakeet was presented for dyspnea and decreased activity. The bird's diet was primarily table food, with a large proportion of animal products. Radiographs revealed a linear mineralized structure in the plane of the aorta and an enlarged hepatocardiac silhouette. Left atrial and left ventricular enlargement and a left ventricular systolic dysfunction were diagnosed by echocardiography. The bird's condition progressively declined, and it died 5 days after presentation. A postmortem examination revealed marked atherosclerosis of the aorta, great vessels of the heart, and coronary arteries with myocardial degeneration, pulmonary congestion, and ascites. Ref
Case 5: Atherosclerosis in a Parrot A 20-year-old female African Grey parrot was evaluated to determine the cause of lethargy, hyporexia, weight loss, and persistent ascites of 21 days' duration. Physical examination revealed a markedly distended abdomen and systolic heart murmur. Thoracic radiography revealed cardiomegaly and hepatomegaly. Doppler echocardiography revealed severe eccentric and concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricle with systolic dysfunction, moderate regurgitation through the right atrioventricular valve, a substantial increase in estimated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, hepatic venous congestion, and coelomic effusion. A clinical diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale was established. The parrot was initially stabilized by use of coelomocentesis. During the next month, the parrot was treated by administration of furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, benazepril, and pimobendan. The parrot appeared to be responding well to treatment but was found dead in its cage 35 days following initial examination. Postmortem examination revealed substantial atherosclerosis of the large pulmonary arteries, with lesions extending into the medium-size arteries. Pulmonary atherosclerosis was suspected as a cause of the severe pulmonary hypertension. Ref
Case 6: Atherosclerosis in a Parrot A 35-year-old yellow-naped Amazon parrot was presented for gradually increasing inappetence, ataxia, weakness, and lethargy. Radiographic and ultrasonographic findings were strongly suggestive of atherosclerosis. Isoxsuprine, a peripheral vasodilator demonstrated to be of benefit in humans with intermittent limb pain, weakness, and lameness secondary to occlusive vascular disease, was selected for treatment. The bird's clinical signs resolved during treatment but recurred after varying periods of time when the medication was stopped intermittently. Nearly 3 years after the initial examination, the parrot was doing well on isoxsuprine therapy, with normal prehension of food with its feet and no recurrence of clinical signs. Ref
Welle, K. R., Lightfoot, T., & Drury Reavill, D. V. M. Cardiovascular Disease in Aging Birds Advancing and Promoting Avian Medicine and Stewardship, 9. (2011)
